Submissions

• Papers must be in English.
• Ensure that the letter `l’ and digit `1′, and also the letter `O’ and digit `0′ are used properly, and format your article (tabs, indents, etc.) consistently. Characters not available on your word processor (Greek letters, mathematical symbols, etc.) should not be left open but indicated by a unique code (e.g., gralpha, [gt]alpha[lt], etc., for the Greek letter [ga]). Such codes should be used consistently throughout the entire text; a list of codes used should accompany the manuscript submission.
• Do not let your word processor insert line breaks; use a justified layout.
• Please adhere strictly to the arrangement and the reference style of the journal.
• Manuscripts should be double-spaced, with one-inch margins, and printed on one side of the paper only. 
• The first page of the manuscript, the Title Page, should contain the following information: (i) the title; (ii) at least one classification code according to the Classification System for Journal Articles as used by the Journal of Economic Literature, which can be found here; (iii) up to five key words should be supplied; and (iv) other relevant information.
• An abstract, consisting of no more than 250 words, should be included.
• Footnotes should be kept to a minimum and should only contain material that is not essential to the understanding of the article.” As a general rule, have one or fewer footnotes, on average, per two pages of text.
• Displayed formulae should be numbered consecutively throughout the manuscript as (1), (2), etc. against the right-hand margin of the page. In cases where the derivation of formulae has been abbreviated, it is of great help to the referees if the full derivation can be presented on a separate sheet (not to be published).
• The Financial Services Review journal (FSR) follows the APA Publication Manual, 7th Edition, style. References to publications should be as follows: “Smith (1992) reported that” or “This problem has been studied previously (Ho et al., 1999).” The author should make sure that there is a strict one-to-one correspondence between the names and years in the text and those on the list. The list of references should appear at the end of the main text (after any appendices, but before tables and legends for figures). It should be double-spaced and listed in alphabetical order by author’s name. References should appear as follows:
• Books: Hawawini, G., & Swary, I. (1990). Mergers and acquisitions in the U.S. banking industry: Evidence from the capital markets. North Holland.
• Chapter in a book: Brunner, K., & Meltzer, A. H. (1990). Money supply. In: B. M. Friedman & F. H. Hahn (Eds.), Handbook of monetary economics (Vol. 1, pp. 357-396). North Holland.
• Periodicals: Ang, J. S., & Fatemi, A. M. (1997). Personal bankruptcy costs: Their relevance and some estimates. Financial Services Review, 6(3), 77-96. ****Note that journal titles should not be abbreviated****
• Illustrations will be reproduced as submitted; the publisher will not redraw them. Care should be taken to ensure that lettering and symbols are of comparable size. The illustrations should be inserted in the text. All graphs and diagrams should be referred to as figures, and should be numbered consecutively in the text (e.g., Figure 1, Figure 2, etc.). 
• Tables should be numbered consecutively and inserted in the text (e.g., Table 1, Table 2, etc.). Any manuscript that does not conform to the above instructions will be returned for the necessary revision before publication. Page proofs will be sent to the corresponding author.
• Proofs should be corrected carefully; the responsibility for detecting errors lies with the author. Corrections should be restricted to instances in which the proof is at variance with the manuscript. Authors who make extensive alterations will be charged for copyediting services. 

Author Disclosure Statements for AI Use

Authors are asked not to use artificial intelligence (AI) or similar algorithms to interpret data and results. However, AI may be used to facilitate data analysis and to provide general copy editing of original author-written material.

Authors who use AI for analysis (e.g., manual coding) should report (a) the algorithm names (e.g., CNN, RNN, GAN, etc.) and (b) the coding program (e.g., R, Python, Orange 3, etc.) in the manuscript.

Authors who use AI for automatic analysis (e.g., ChatGPT or Paid ChatGPT) must report (a) the automatic AI tool name (e.g., ChatGPT or the private company’s program name) and (b) the selected algorithm in the manuscript. Authors must also disclose that they used an automated analytical process rather than their own efforts.

In general, the use of AI must be disclosed. The following represent examples of Author Disclosure Statements:

The research presented in this paper utilized artificial intelligence (AI) technologies as part of the data analysis. [Select the appropriate disclosure(s).]

1. AI Methods and Tools:

We employed AI algorithms, specifically [Specify the AI methods or tools used, e.g., ChatGPT, a private outsourcing service, or an automated analysis technique], to analyze the data collected for this study. The AI methods were selected based on their suitability for the research objectives and data characteristics.

2. Data Preprocessing and Feature Engineering:

Prior to applying AI algorithms (i.e., [specifically specify the AI method(s) or tool(s) used]), we conducted data preprocessing and feature engineering to prepare the dataset for analysis. This process included [Describe any data cleaning, normalization, feature extraction, or other preprocessing steps performed].

Note: If a paper does not use an AI technique (e.g., Machine Learning, Deep Learning, and Natural Language Processing) but does use an AI technique to cross-validate findings, the author should disclose the usage of the AI procedure.

3. Model Training and Evaluation:

AI models (i.e., [specifically specify the AI method(s) or tool(s) used]) were trained using [Specify the training dataset] and evaluated using [Specify the evaluation metrics or validation methods]. We employed cross-validation techniques to assess the generalization performance of the models and mitigate overfitting.

4. Hyperparameter Tuning and Optimization:

We conducted hyperparameter tuning and optimization to enhance the performance of the AI models. This process involved [Describe the hyperparameter tuning process, such as grid search, random search, or Bayesian optimization]. Additionally, this information should be presented in the methods section of the paper.

5. Limitations and Considerations:

While AI technologies provided valuable insights for our research, we acknowledge their limitations and potential biases. We have endeavored to mitigate biases and ensure the robustness of our findings; however, it is important to recognize that AI-driven analyses are subject to inherent uncertainties.

6. Code and Data Availability:

We are committed to promoting transparency and reproducibility in our research. The code used for AI modeling and analysis, along with the relevant datasets, will be made available [Specify where the code and data will be made available, such as a public repository or upon request].

7. References

We used AI [Indicate which model/algorithm (e.g., ChatGPT)] to copyedit and format the reference list used in the paper.