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Reflective Essays

Vol. 30 No. 3 (2026): Fall 2026

Paradigmatic Shifts in the Study and Practice of Community–Campus Partnerships

  • Robert G. Bringle
  • Haden M. Botkin
  • Jasmina Camo-Biogradlija
  • Patti H. Clayton
  • Lori E. Kniffin
Submitted
May 7, 2026
Published
2026-10-12

Abstract

Partnerships are centrally important to the quality of service-learning/civic engagement (SL/CE), with implications for all forms of community engagement (e.g., participatory action research, outreach, extension) and with multiple partners (government, nonprofit, residents, special interest groups). However, these partnerships are an underexamined aspect of practice and an underdeveloped topic of scholarship. In this article, historical and contemporary developments within SL/CE partnerships, principally in the United States, are examined, such as shifts related to (a) focusing on them as a unit of analysis, (b) conceptualizing which stakeholders (if any) position them at the center, (c) embracing criticality in their practices, and (d) conducting them virtually in online service-learning. Exploring these shifts yields insights relevant for global practitioners as they seek to embed more authentic partnerships in SL/CE.